Delayed auditory feedback (DAF), is a device that enables a user of the device to speak into a microphone and then hears his or her voice in headphones a fraction of a second later. Some DAF devices are hardware; DAF computer software is also available.
The DAF machine is a proven technique to aid with stuttering. When the DAF delay is short, (25 to 75 milliseconds, or about a twentieth of a second), this immediately reduces stuttering about 70%. A longer delay (75 to 200 milliseconds, or about tenth of a second) produces a greater increase in fluency, however it also causes significant reductions in rate of speech and stretched vowels. The longer delay is generally used in therapy settings. Some DAF devices have been found to produce carryover fluency, that is, to train a stutterer to no longer need the device.
DAF usage (with a 175 millisecond delay) has been proven to induce mental stress.[1]
The DAF machine has also been claimed to be helpful with cluttering. The DAF machine reduces the rate of a clutterer, and thus reduces the cluttering disfluencies To use Delayed Auditory Feedback for immediate improvement, the delay can be set between 25 and 70 milliseconds to reduce stuttering about 70% at a normal speaking rate, without training, mental effort, or abnormal–sounding speech.
In one study nine adult stutterers used DAF devices thirty minutes per day, for three months. The thirty minutes consisted of ten minutes reading aloud, a ten–minute conversation with a family member, and a ten–minute telephone call. The subjects received no speech therapy.The devices were used with binaural (two ears) headsets. The subjects were allowed to set the delay where they wanted. Most selected delays around 100 milliseconds.Before three months of DAF use, the subjects stuttered on 37% of words, on average. When they put on the DAF device their stuttering dropped to 10%. Meaning, the device improved their speech about 70%.Three months later the subjects stuttered on 17% of words, when not using the DAF device. When wearing the DAF device they stuttered on 13% of words.This shows that, when not wearing the devices, the subjects' stuttering diminished from 37% of words to 17% of words, or a 55% improvement. This is "carryover fluency." Put another way, the devices trained the users to need the devices less.Click here to learn more about using FluencyCoach for independent at–home treatment of stuttering.Two other studies combined speech therapy with a DAF device. One study was of adults, the other of children. Both studies found that combining DAF and stuttering therapy trained the subjects to speak fluently (less than 2% stuttering) and no longer need the devices.In conjunction with speech therapy, notably as used in the well documented Perkin´s Fluency Shaping Therapy, Delayed Auditory Feedback is commonly used to support the fluency shaping target of slow speech with stretched vowels. For this purpose the delay is usually set at 200 milliseconds and then reduced to shorter delays (as short as 75 milliseconds) over the course of the therapy program. FluencyCoach in conjunction with Fluency Shaping Therapy.Frequency–shifted Auditory Feedback (FAF) shifts the pitch of your voice in your earphones. A FAF upshift makes you hear your voice sounding like Mickey Mouse. A FAF downshift makes you hear your voice sounding like a gravel–voiced radio announcer.A quarter–octave pitch shift reduces stuttering about 35%. A half–octave pitch shift reduces stuttering about 65–70%. A full–octave pitch shift reduces stuttering about 70-75%.
Shifting pitch up or down is equally effective in short–term studies. But there may be long–term differences between up– and downshifts. FAF causes non–stutterers to speak at a higher or lower vocal pitch, depending on whether the device is set for an up or down frequency shift. This higher or lower pitch vocal pitch results from changing vocal fold tension. In other words, FAF induces changes in vocal fold tension in non–stutterers.Vocal fold relaxation is a primary target of fluency shaping therapy. A study found that a half–octave FAF downshift didn't cause a change in vocal pitch in stutterers. But, anecdotally, speech clinics have reported that FAF devices adjusted to one octave downshift, using newer headphones with better bass range, induce vocal fold relaxation in stutterers. A one–octave downshift has also been anecdotally reported to induce a slower speaking rate with stretched vowels. If these reports are true, then FAF downshifts appear to immediately induce, with little or no training or effort, the target behaviors that take weeks of fluency shaping therapy. And, if these anecdotal reports are true, then an FAF downshift should induce long–term carryover fluency.
The DAF machine is a proven technique to aid with stuttering. When the DAF delay is short, (25 to 75 milliseconds, or about a twentieth of a second), this immediately reduces stuttering about 70%. A longer delay (75 to 200 milliseconds, or about tenth of a second) produces a greater increase in fluency, however it also causes significant reductions in rate of speech and stretched vowels. The longer delay is generally used in therapy settings. Some DAF devices have been found to produce carryover fluency, that is, to train a stutterer to no longer need the device.
DAF usage (with a 175 millisecond delay) has been proven to induce mental stress.[1]
The DAF machine has also been claimed to be helpful with cluttering. The DAF machine reduces the rate of a clutterer, and thus reduces the cluttering disfluencies To use Delayed Auditory Feedback for immediate improvement, the delay can be set between 25 and 70 milliseconds to reduce stuttering about 70% at a normal speaking rate, without training, mental effort, or abnormal–sounding speech.
In one study nine adult stutterers used DAF devices thirty minutes per day, for three months. The thirty minutes consisted of ten minutes reading aloud, a ten–minute conversation with a family member, and a ten–minute telephone call. The subjects received no speech therapy.The devices were used with binaural (two ears) headsets. The subjects were allowed to set the delay where they wanted. Most selected delays around 100 milliseconds.Before three months of DAF use, the subjects stuttered on 37% of words, on average. When they put on the DAF device their stuttering dropped to 10%. Meaning, the device improved their speech about 70%.Three months later the subjects stuttered on 17% of words, when not using the DAF device. When wearing the DAF device they stuttered on 13% of words.This shows that, when not wearing the devices, the subjects' stuttering diminished from 37% of words to 17% of words, or a 55% improvement. This is "carryover fluency." Put another way, the devices trained the users to need the devices less.Click here to learn more about using FluencyCoach for independent at–home treatment of stuttering.Two other studies combined speech therapy with a DAF device. One study was of adults, the other of children. Both studies found that combining DAF and stuttering therapy trained the subjects to speak fluently (less than 2% stuttering) and no longer need the devices.In conjunction with speech therapy, notably as used in the well documented Perkin´s Fluency Shaping Therapy, Delayed Auditory Feedback is commonly used to support the fluency shaping target of slow speech with stretched vowels. For this purpose the delay is usually set at 200 milliseconds and then reduced to shorter delays (as short as 75 milliseconds) over the course of the therapy program. FluencyCoach in conjunction with Fluency Shaping Therapy.Frequency–shifted Auditory Feedback (FAF) shifts the pitch of your voice in your earphones. A FAF upshift makes you hear your voice sounding like Mickey Mouse. A FAF downshift makes you hear your voice sounding like a gravel–voiced radio announcer.A quarter–octave pitch shift reduces stuttering about 35%. A half–octave pitch shift reduces stuttering about 65–70%. A full–octave pitch shift reduces stuttering about 70-75%.
Shifting pitch up or down is equally effective in short–term studies. But there may be long–term differences between up– and downshifts. FAF causes non–stutterers to speak at a higher or lower vocal pitch, depending on whether the device is set for an up or down frequency shift. This higher or lower pitch vocal pitch results from changing vocal fold tension. In other words, FAF induces changes in vocal fold tension in non–stutterers.Vocal fold relaxation is a primary target of fluency shaping therapy. A study found that a half–octave FAF downshift didn't cause a change in vocal pitch in stutterers. But, anecdotally, speech clinics have reported that FAF devices adjusted to one octave downshift, using newer headphones with better bass range, induce vocal fold relaxation in stutterers. A one–octave downshift has also been anecdotally reported to induce a slower speaking rate with stretched vowels. If these reports are true, then FAF downshifts appear to immediately induce, with little or no training or effort, the target behaviors that take weeks of fluency shaping therapy. And, if these anecdotal reports are true, then an FAF downshift should induce long–term carryover fluency.
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